Georgescu-Roegen: EPW article, a dear friend, and the wise man

Flow elements that guided me to G-R

Fund elements that guided me to G-R

I was introduced to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’s (G-R) work in an EPW article (Shah: 2007) while I was doing literature review on the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme in India. [1]

Shah (2007) in his article mentioned of G-R’s 1971 classic The Entropy Law and the Economic Process that calls for realisation that qualitative and irrevocable changes necessarily characterise the environment of which economic processes are a part and hence the need to picture the macro-economy as an open sub-system of the finite natural ecosystem. Also development approaches in India by ignoring the interrelationship between the economy and the environment has endangered the livelihoods of the poorest that are dependent on natural resources. The context of the article was to establish the basis for ecosystem regeneration and sustainable development that could be further achieved through large-scale programmes like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme. [2]

Initially I was intrigued by the name of G-R’s book as it had the term entropy. The reason for the instigation was two reasons. First, entropy linked to thermodynamics the importance [3] of which I had understood during the course of my academic training in applied sciences.  The second reason was a personal one – My very dear friend often teased me by saying that I did not believe in entropy but rather believed in increasing entropy to the best of abilities – this he stated when he thought that I was in the illusion of being orderly and organized (especially by using the many fancy tools like drawers, files, folders, post-its, notes etc that were available). I too conceded that I was a fatality of modern consumerism in certain instances.

Thus the title The Entropy Law and the Economic Process redirected me to look back at my perceptions of ‘entropy’ which in turn again intrigued me to knowing more about the work The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. I was slightly disappointed however that I could not lay my hands on a copy of the book as none were available in the library accessible to me. However I skimmed through an entertaining and convincing article[4] by Herman Daly[5] about G-R.  I made also made a mental note to watch out for citations of G-R work in course of literature review that I was doing.

However, I came across no further citations of G-R’s work in course of literature review. On the basis that perhaps the contributions of G-R were not so relevant, I would have not pursued to further study on G-R had it not been for a wise man.

In a correspondence with the wise man, I had thought it appropriate to cite G-R to support a viewpoint that all innovations may not necessarily lead to sustainability as they may just exacerbate natural resource use and accelerate the process of entropy. Little was I aware of the fact that the wise man was a student[6] of G-R.  He expressed happiness that I had cited G-R and also lamented of the fact that G-R did not receive the recognition that he deserved on account of his dismissive  approach to what he terms as ‘standard economist’ and even his own students.

At the end, I was happy that the citing G-R was not completely out of context and felt motivated to know of G-R’s work.

I am not trained as an economist[7] and perhaps never felt motivated to pursue a detailed understanding of this field. However, I feel very happy to initiate a formal understanding of the subject with a blank mind and most importantly by starting with G-R.

Also starting with G-R would minimize the possibility that I become a “causality” of theories of “standard economists” :-)

Notes


[1] Shah, Mihir (2007): ‘Employment Guarantee, Civil Society and Indian Democracy’, Economic and Political Weekly, November 17.

[2] Among other recommendations that Shah (2007) provides are the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSO) to enable effective functioning of schemes along with Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and enable strong ‘CSO-PRI’ partnerships; this in turn could hold the key to the future of a vibrant democracy in India.

[3] An illustration that I could immediately think was how employing better thermodynamic cycles such as Brayton Cycle could increase efficiency in nuclear power plants.

[4] The account of the ‘Cobb-Douglas function’ and ‘Solow-Stilglitz variation of the Cobb-Douglas function’ was both amusing and enlightening. See Daly (2007).

[5] Daly, Herman (2007): ‘How long can neoclassical economists ignore the contributions of Georgescu-Roegen?’ in Daly (2007) ‘Ecological economics and sustainable development: selected essays’. Also available from http://www.mountainskygroup2008.org/reflections/files/Daly-chapter-11.pdf

[6] A Google search revealed that the wise man described the role of G-R as having helped shape his horizons in economics.

[7] The only economics that I was exposed to was engineering economics and optimization and some concepts relevant to business administration. In fact the economist whose contributions I have most referred to is perhaps Michael Porter and his five forces tools for analyzing a sector.

Posted in: Blurbs by Shailly Kedia 1 Comment , ,

Georgescu-Roegen Picasa Album

Visual expressions as I read Georgescu-Roegen

Posted in: Photos by devreel Comments Off

Much scope for urban cooperatives to link up with government welfare schemes

Title of the study

Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand region: Two opposing perspectives

Short title

Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand

Objective of conversation

To find whether urban cooperative banks have linkages to government schemes and how they cater to the poor; this is of relevance to the study as there has been increase in rural-urban migration in the region due to crop failure.

Interview Notes

Date June 17, 2009
Interviewee Urban Cooperative Bank Official
Location Rani Laxmibai Urban Cooperative Bank

Jhansi

Uttar Pradesh

  • There are about 77 urban cooperative banks in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
  • In UP Bundelkhand, urban cooperative bank functions in Jhansi, Mahoba and Banda districts.
  • Rani Laxmibai Urban Cooperative Bank runs like a regular bank and has deposit, savings and credit schemes.
  • Unlike rural cooperative banks, urban cooperative banks currently do not have tie-ups with government development/ welfare schemes. In some instances some urban banks have tie-ups with micro-credit schemes but again these are not very popular in the urban context.

General observations

Urban cooperatives currently offer little for the urban vulnerable (say for example the rural migrant)… or at least it seemed that the guidelines for services that could cater to this group of people (poor migrants from rural areas) were not clearly laid out and there seemed to be no inter-linkages with government welfare schemes. In short urban cooperatives still continue to function more like regular banks that offer deposit, savings and credit packages.

The interlinkages with the objective of the study (Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand) can be understood from the following chain: crop failure (climatic factors) -> rural-urban migration especially the rural poor -> could require welfare assistance in urban areas -> banks could play an important role by offering various services in a single platform.

Even today,  if one were to look at government policies (in terms of spending etc) in general at all levels of the Indian polity, there seems to be inadequate recognition to the fact that there are going to be an increasing population in urban or semi-urban areas who could benefit from additional social packages offered by such cooperatives. For this again government would first have to adequately recognize that the urban poor need welfare assistance too.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to the Urban Cooperative Bank Official who extended courtesy and dutifully enlightened me by providing information.

Suggested citation (APA format)

Urban Cooperative Bank Official. (2009, June 17). Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand (Devreel, Interviewer)

Disclaimer

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended. Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student and the usual disclaimer applies.

Exhibits

Jhansi urban cooperative bank

Jhansi urban cooperative bank

Posted in: Field Notes by devreel No Comments

Mahatma Gandhi’s model of “Gram Swaraj”?

Title of the study

Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand region: Two opposing perspectives

Short title

Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand

Objective of conversation

To know about a farmer/ social worker’s views about government development and welfare approaches in Bundelkhand.

Interview Notes

Date July 22, 2009
Interviewee Farmer 2
Location Farmer from Banda District of Uttar Pradesh
(interview took place in New Delhi)

As farmers (big, small or marginal) they like to be able to sustain farming activities in their own farms and working on other’s farms is like a social stigma.

Under the NREGA, firstly the wages are too small and rural households cannot completely depend on those wages alone. Also because of drought, farming activities are likely to fail.

Provisions under the NREGA like construction of wells and bunds are likely not even to benefit the small farmers even though they are targeted (in reference to component (iv) under permissible NREGA works, which is provision of irrigation facility, plantation, horticulture, land development to land owned by households belonging to the SC/ST, or to land of the beneficiaries of land reforms, or to land of the beneficiaries under the Indira Awaas Yojana/BPL families to the BPL households and IAY beneficiaries).

Here for example the size of land holdings of benefitted farmers may be so small that provision of irrigation facilities such as building small tanks would only result in mis-utilization of land and resources. ‘Talaab nahi katora ban jaata hai’ (instead if ponds these rather serve as purpose of cups).

Working on land of other farmers is a social stigma for us. “Doosron ke kheton mein hal chalaana kaam nahi gulaami hai” (Tilling on other’s fields is not work but slavery). We have to endure this many times as there is no alternative for us. Government should help revive farming in our areas. We as a village community know how to manage our resources…we made the tanks…we dug the wells…we arranged water for ourselves, our cattles and fields.

It is difficult to reconcile with the fact that people sitting at the centre or state can provide water for our lives or livelihoods. Village communities should be allowed to manage their own affairs…after all isn’t this what Mahatma Gandhi’s model of Gram Swaraj was about?

General observations

The farmer was a brilliant orator and very persuasive. He seemed to speak more from the village community’s perspective. He also implied that sometimes government schemes discount other farming communities (by only including BPL, SC/ST etc as beneficiaries) as in time of natural distress, farming communities (including small and marginal farmers) require welfare assistance.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to the brilliant thinker and orator for providing insights.

Suggested citation (APA format)

Farmer 2. (2009, July 22). Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand (Devreel, Interviewer)

Disclaimer

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended. Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student and the usual disclaimer applies.

Exhibit

Gram Swaraj (Village self-rule) was a pivotal concept in Gandhis thinking

Gram Swaraj (Village self-rule) was a pivotal concept in Gandhi's thinking

Posted in: Field Notes by devreel No Comments

Pride and hope amid hardship

Title of the study

Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand region: Two opposing perspectives

Short title

Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand

Objective of conversation

To know about a farmer’s/ villager’s view about natural crisis in the region

Interview Notes

Date June 18, 2009
Interviewee Farmer 1
Location Jataara Tehsil

Tikamgarh district

Madhya Pradesh

A villager and farmer volunteered to give me a tour of Madansagar Tank (A traditional Chandela tank in Jatara Tehsil in Tikamgarh District). I did not mean to interview him but curiosity led me to have a casual conversation with him. Nevertheless, I found it of relevance to the study that his conversation be documented.

The villager was proud of his culture and also acknowledged that traditional practices have played an important role in water management in Bundelkhand. Madansagar tank an example of construction marvel like other Chandela and Bundela tanks that are sprinkled around the region.

Problems associated with increasing soil deposition (silt) the tanks are rendering these structures unusable.

In these many years, it is the first time that the Madansagar Tank is drying as there is not sufficient rainfall or ways where water can flow to these tanks.

Regarding NREGA, he did say that in a typical household with ten people and four cattle, wages offered under the NREGA was not sufficient by any means, so he preferred farming. Of other government schemes, he did not seem to know of many and he was content with farming.

He also wished that his elder daughter, who was very bright in studies, could become an engineer someday and he did not mind if she had to go to a city for that.

General observations

The simple villager was proud of his cultural background. He struggled as a farmer but was not too worried about the hardships that he was facing. Perhaps one thing that drove him to endure struggle was the hope that his daughter would be able to get the education that she wanted.

Acknowledgement

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended; the usual disclaimer applies. Names have not been mentioned to Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Verification and validation before citation is highly recommended. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student; the usual disclaimer applies.

Suggested citation (APA format)

Farmer 1. (2009, June 18). Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand (Devreel, Interviewer)

Disclaimer

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended. Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student and the usual disclaimer applies.

Exhibits

Madansagar Chandela tank

Madansagar Chandela tank

Madansagar tour

Madansagar tour

Posted in: Field Notes by devreel 1 Comment

“Gareebi to prakriti ki den hai”

Title of the study

Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand region: Two opposing perspectives

Short title

Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand

Objective of interview

To know of civil society concerns regarding implementation of government schemes in Jhansi district and Bundelkhand in general.

Interview notes

Date June 19, 2009
Interviewee Social Worker 1
Location Kori Vikas Manch

Jhansi

Uttar Pradesh

Bundelkhand has shown extreme seasonal trends in terms of more or less rainfall, and also more or less summer. Also the rocky topography of the region leads to loss of water due to runoff. Moreover, logging continues to be rampant in the region. Also soil excavation activities is widespread in the region. Soil and water erosion has been further aggravated due to deforestation activities in the region.

Water scarcity and drought in recent times (more so in the last four years) have gravely affected the agriculture sector in the Bundelkhand region. In a way it can be said that “poverty is bequest of mother nature” (Gareebi to prakriti ki den hai) in Bundelkhand region.

In order to make government schemes successful, more manpower is required on the field. Also as many public-works (such as water-conservation and even tree plantation) require some field level technical expertise, appropriate assessments, monitoring and evaluations should be done on the field. Field presence could ensure that beneficiaries actually gain from funding available and that the money is utilized in required development projects.

One example of improper decision-making is regarding afforestation activities under various government programmes. Preference has been given for planting bougainvillea plants instead of native indigenous trees in the Bundelkhand region.

Today Bundelkhand is alive only because of tradition. The Chandelas, Bundelas, Mughals and the British have contributed to the culture of the region. Practices such as maintenance of water tanks have been practiced by communities. These practices should be further revived and replicated through various government schemes.

Local NGOs working directly with communities can play an important role in reviving the old Bundelkhand especially if there government is not able to provide required manpower on the field. We welcome government participation. Monitoring and evaluation from different levels of government will help our communities in benefiting from various schemes provided that these don’t become too bureaucratic.

General Observations

Cultural pride and recognition to the importance of traditional ways to utilize nature’s resources.

Civil society had willingness to work on the field to participate in implementing government schemes with required monitoring (from government agencies).

Principal concerns regarding government schemes included lack of technical manpower to oversee field related government schemes such as afforestation and water management.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to the civil individual, who extended all courtesy and openness to share his views.

Suggested citation (APA format)

Social Worker 1. (2009, June 19). Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand (Devreel, Interviewer)

Disclaimer

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended. Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student and the usual disclaimer applies.

Exhibit

Soil excavation in a dried pond near Tikamgarh

Soil excavation in a dried pond near Tikamgarh

Posted in: Field Notes by devreel 1 Comment

Vikas Bhavan – I

Title of the study

Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand region: Two opposing perspectives

Short title

Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand

Objective of interview

To know of government livelihood schemes n Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh.

Interview notes

Date June 17, 2009
Interviewee VB official 1
Location District Rural Development Agency (DRDA)

Vikas Bhavan

Jhansi

Uttar Pradesh

Water scarcity has always existed but the last four years has witnessed increased weather related uncertainties and extremes in the form of droughts and even floods (not able to relate it to climate variability/ change) that have interfered with agricultural activities if the district.

Popular government interventions in Jhansi district included Self Help Group Schemes and the Indira Awaas Yojana. These two and others are described as follows:

Self Help Group (SHG) schemes

SHGs are formed typically with 10-20 individuals

Process: Assessment; Grading (Grading is done by State Rural Development Agency), Loan (Bank loan given by all rural banks and approx. 1 lakh given in subsidy)

Indira Awaas Yojna (IAY)

Money sanctioned upto 38,500 only for Rural people Below Poverty Line (BPL). People are verified from an internet database and NGO involvement is also there in identifying beneficiaries.

Other schemes

  • Swarna Jayanti Gram Sarojgar Yojana
  • Bundelkhand Drought Prone Area Programme
  • Hariyali Yojana (Greenery Programme)
  • Bhoomi Sangragshan Yojana (Earth Preservation Programme)
  • Vidhayak Yojana (State Parliamentary Representative Programme)
  • National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
  • Mahamaya Yojana (for BPL and rural population only)
  • Grameen Jal Yojana (Rural Water Scheme)
  • Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yojana (Prime Minister Road Scheme)
  • Rashtriya Biogas Karyakram (National Biogas Programme)
  • Rashtriya Bima Yojna (National Insurance Scheme)

Challenges in implementation

In reality, more people now wanted to avail benefits under various government schemes but lack of awareness due to absence of promotional and dissemination activities.

Shortage of field level workers, junior engineers and monitoring staff (some reasons being low salary offered to certified engineers).

Lack of women awareness inhibited their involvement in most livelihood related schemes.

General Observations

The DRDA seemed overburdened. There was lack of trained staff. As pointed by the DRDA official (DRDA official, 2009) there was a shortage of Junior Engineers to carry required assessments pertaining field related schemes. Climate/ Weather extremes were playing havoc in the agriculture sector. This could lead more people wanting to avail benefits under the government schemes.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to the courtesy extended by the DRDA staff and officials in terms of providing valuable information.

Suggested citation (APA format)

VB (Vikas Bhavan) official 1. (2009, June 17). Local climate governance and resilient livelihoods: Bundelkhand (Devreel, Interviewer)

Disclaimer

Verification and Validation before citation is highly recommended. Notes are subject to required additions and technical editing. Minor spelling and grammatical errors should be ignored as the message does come across without the need for these corrections. Anonymity has been maintained to respect the privacy of the individual/s. These field notes were prepared by a curious and concerned student and the usual disclaimer applies.

Exhibits

Approaching Vikas Bhavan (Jhansi)

Approaching Vikas Bhavan (Jhansi)

Vikas Bhavan (Jhansi) welcomes you

Vikas Bhavan (Jhansi) welcomes you

Posted in: Field Notes by devreel No Comments

RETROFIT the FLUSH!

Reuse that plastic or glass bottle – place a bottle filled with water in a flush cistern – with every flush you will now save 1 litre water!

Watch demo on YouTube

PS: This technique can be improved. For example one may place something heavy in the bottle so that it does not bob up and down sometime and so on and so forth…

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (G-R) facebook group

G-R facebook group

G-R facebook group

Facebook Group (English) URL: http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=239640694855&ref=ts

Members (till date): 57

Some activities on G-R on Facebook:

Pull quote: “Entropy may be the best thing to understand the direction of time then how come economics that is so intricately connected to resources (considered to be free by economist let alone other ordinary human beings) which is connected to this planet that is connected to universe in motion can be understood without?” by BV

Pull quote: “Interesting. I don’t know enough about him, and I’m curious. Thanks for creating this.” By SS

Resource sharing: “I knew Nicolas by this paper, I hope to post more contribution in the future: http://www.rpi.edu/~gowdyj/mypapers/RSE1998.pdf” By MAS

Posted in: Blurbs by devreel No Comments ,

Experiment 1: Google and Biogeochemical Cycles

Aim: To examine the knowledge demand and knowledge supply pertaining to four biogeochemical cycles using Google search tools.

Apparatus: A computer with internet connection and office productivity software.[i]

Method and Procedure: The following five steps were followed:

  1. Here I entered the terms, ‘oxygen cycle’, ‘water cycle’, ‘nitrogen cycle’ and ‘carbon cycle’ in the search box for Google scholar, Google news and Google (regular web search).
  2. Then I recorded the number of results in each search for all the four terms in an excel sheet in a tabular form.
  3. The tabular data was then normalized for ease of comparison. Here the total of results of all the four search terms in a particular Google search tool was summed and then the percentage of one term was used.

E.g., the total sum of the total results in Google news was 3912. The percent of carbon cycle results (1347 search results) was 34 percent and so on.

  1. A bar graph will be used to present the findings of the google search.
  2. Also standard deviation was calculated in the respective categories to determine the degree of variance.

Observations: As can be observed from figure 1, the ranks of the number of search results in all the three Google search tools[ii] viz. Google scholar, Google news and Google (regular web search) is consistent with the following (descending) order: Water cycle, Carbon cycle, Oxygen cycle and Nitrogen cycle

Figure 1. Search results (percentage) in three Google search tools

Also from table 1, one can say that the degree of variance is considerable lower for Google scholar as opposed to that of Google news and Google (regular web search engine).

Table 1. Standard deviation for search results in the three Google categories

Google category Standard deviation
Google

33.97

Google news

27.07

Google scholar

4.41

Conclusion: Assuming that information in form of websites etc is directly proportional to both knowledge created and knowledge demanded for a particular subject/ field/ term. The findings could indicate that knowledge created and/or demanded for water cycle is more than that of nitrogen cycle. From standard deviation results, one could say that in the scholarly or academic world, there is uniformity in the knowledge demand and supply for all the four geochemical cycles.

In case of Google news, the large deviation could possibly be due to populist issues like global warming and water security that might have led to higher demand and supply of water and carbon related knowledge.

Recommendation: For an unbiased and fuller understanding of a topic use of Google Scholar is recommended. To understand biases pertaining to a subject methodology used in this experiment can be adopted.

Ways Forward: It will be interesting to observe how knowledge gateways in future shape up so that netizens and knowledge seekers are provided with information that is more complete. Gear up Google and web search engine architects!


[i] Other requirements like electricity and brands of software are not specified.

[ii] It is to be noted that the search results that returned were not limited to the exact term ‘water cycle’ and so on. However it would be reasonable to assumed that the search results return that were not limited to these exact terms were proportional in all the three Google search tools and hence, the absolute number of search results could be used as an indicator to serve the objective of this experiment.

Posted in: Blurbs by Shailly Kedia No Comments